Women and Technolgy - The Gender Gap in Computer Science Essay

Women and Technolgy - The Gender Gap in Computer Science Abstract: This paper reviews the gender gap that exists in computer science. By analyzing the probable causes of the divide, solutions may be developed and possibilities of minimizing the gap increase. Although the general public’s efforts toward shrinking the divide subsist, modern society must change its views of women before the technological world can fully appreciate women’s talents. A gender gap undeniably exists in the field of computer science. Hundreds of headlines in newspapers, journal articles, and magazines continually demonstrate the divide to society, and studies performed by well-respected universities like Harvard and MIT highlight its continuing effects. More recent studies provide evidence that the number of women in computer science is decreasing, despite the recruiting efforts of the technology field. The underrepresentation of women results from stereotypes of computer scientists, weaknesses within the computing community, and the social construction of women in computer science. In order to boost women's presence in technology, society must have a firm grasp on the problems themselves, and address them with fundamental changes in the way we perceive women in computer science on the cognitive level. The increasing gender divide in computer science is well documented. As an issue of Technical Training recorded, â€Å"intake of [women] computer science students in the UK has dropped from 37 percent a decade ago to 5 percent in 1998.†[5] Other nations, including the United States, have noticed a decline in the number of women in the field. New Scientist found, â€Å"[w]omen dominate in several subjects, namely degrees preparing students to be infant sch... ...un IT, Bill Goodwin. [9] Newsbytes, January 16, 2001, 337 words, Gender Salary Gap Smaller in Tech Industry – Study, Dick Kelsey [10] Information Week, August 9, 1999, Women Make Gains in Top Management, Jennifer Mateyaschuk. [11] http://www.mills.edu/ACAD_INFO/MCS/SPERTUS/Gender/pap/pap.html Why are There so Few Female Computer Scientists? Ellen Spertus - 1991 [12] The Times Union, February 7, 2001, 565 words, Albany, N.Y., Council Meeting Offers Women Advice on Using Technology, Danielle T. Furfaro. [13] Achieving Gender Equity in Science Classrooms, 1996, NECUSE Colleges and Brown University students and faculty [14] Encouraging Women in Computer Science, 1996, Eric S. Roberts (Stanford University) [15] Electronic Engineering Times, February 12, 2001, 1261 words, Engineers Week Aim: to Reach Schoolgirls, Terry Costlow

Rabindranath Tagore Selected short stories Essay

Profit and Loss This narrative briefly describes the short, sorrowful life of Nirupama. The name signifies ‘peerless one’ and was given to her by her parents, who were gratified with a daughter after having had five sons. Being treasured, her father searched long and hard to find a groom he deemed suitable enough for her. He engaged Nirupama to the son of a â€Å"grand† Raybahadur who asked for a dowry of 10,000 rupees. Even though he had no way of paying the large sum he found such a chance hard to refuse and he procured a way to borrow the money. However once this fell through the prospective husband, despite the wishes of his parents, still insisted on marrying. Once married, the bride’s father, Ramsundar Mitra had to beg to visit his daughter. She was treated spitefully and Ramsundar heard of the contempt and shame that his daughter was suffering and so attempted to sell the house, without the knowledge of his other children. Unluckily these found out and protested, ha lting his plans. Later she asked to come home for a few days, so he gathered a portion of the owed amount, yet the in-laws denied his request. At last he made up his mind to not return until he was in possession of the full sum. Finally he managed this, foregoing the wishes and needs of the rest of his household, however his daughter discovered this and forbade him to pay another single paisa, otherwise she warned that he would never see her again. Her sacrifice infuriated her new family even more, and she became more like a servant of the household, than a member of the family. She no longer cared, neglected her well-being and became seriously ill. Her in-laws refused to believe her illness was legitimate and only pitied her enough to call the doctor the night she died. Unlike their treatment of her while she was alive, her funeral pyre was said to be magnificent. Soon after, the family found a new wife for their son, the dowry this time was 20,000 â€Å"cash down†. Little Master’s Return Little Master’s Return tells of the life of a servant, Raicharan whose life is formed through his duties. He brings up his rich employer’s son, Anukul and in turn his son. During the monsoon season the little boy is insistent to go out for a walk one day, tempted by the gurgling water, he drowns. The dedicated servant is devastated and when the mistress, the mother to the boy suggests that it is perhaps he who stole him for the sake of the gold he was wearing, he leaves out of shame. Returning home, his old wife gave birth to a son. His wife died, and due to his contempt towards the boy, his sister looked after him and called him Phelna. Over time Raicharan convinced himself that this was in fact the little boy returning, ‘little master cannot do without my love: he has been born again in my house’. This conclusion came from several proofs: firstly the interval between the death and birth was short, his wife was thought to be beyond a child-bearing age and the child seemed to crawl, toddle and call his aunt ‘Pishi’ just as his little master had done. With this belief he no longer hated the child, but reared the child like that of a high born, not allowing him to play with the village children and even selling all his possessions in order to enable the child to go to a school for the high class in Calcutta. His fatherly affection to his son was un-doubtable but his devotion was more that of a servant. His son never even told his friends that this was his father and made fun of him behind his back. Due to his age Raicharan resigned his job in the city he had taken to pay for the school and went back to the village, to his old employers. He admitted that it was him who stole their child, but that he was to return in two days. The day came and the family was convinced that the boy, brought up in a manner similar to their own, was theirs. After all, how could have Raicharan have acquired such a boy? Why would the old servant mislead them now? Raicharan described the birth of the boy as ‘fate’, Anukul became angry at Raicharan blaming God yet Phelna asked for his pardon. Raicharan was now to receive a monthly allowance, but when sent to his village the money returned, no one had heard of Raicharan. Wealth Surrendered The story tells of Yajnanath, who although wealthy, lived like the old sages; on impossibly little. His son, Brindaban Kunda, bore with his father’s choice of living until he married. The frequent rows became worse when his wife, who had been seriously ill, died. Brindaban blamed his father for her death as he had refused to pay for expensive medicines as he believed that like before, one should not try to ‘cheat’ death. With this Brindaban left taking with him his four-year-old son. Yajnanath greatly missed his troublesome grandson and when one day a particularly plucky boy was pestering him, he decided to adopt him. Yajnanath spoiled the young Nitai Pal and when a passerby mentioned that a Damodar Pal was looking for his son, he resolved to hide him. During the dead of night the old man took Nitai to the outskirts of the village to an abandoned temple. Lifting up a stone slab he leads him down to a secret cellar in which Yajnanath had hidden all his wealth. He worshipped Nitai in order to leave him his inheritance and left the boy safely hidden. Around dawn he found his own son, Brindaban who, in his shame for his father had changed his name to Damodar. Alarmed the old man collapsed asking, â€Å"If you strain your ears, can’t you hear someone crying â€Å"Father†?† Damodar could not. From then on when Yajnanath asked â€Å"Can you hear the crying?† everyone laughed at his madman’s words. Four years later he died. Skeleton What could have been a tragic love story starts with the account of three young boys studying anatomy from a skeleton. Years later one of the children, now older, is forced to sleep in the room that previously housed the carcass due to guests in the house. In his sleepless desperation he imagines to be able to feel a presence. Knowing that the footsteps he thinks he can hear are simply a fabrication, he calls out. Unexpectedly he receives a reply. The voice belongs to the owner of the skeleton, and is now looking for it. The ‘presence’ lonely and missing human company requests to tell him the story of her life. She starts by briefly describing her short unhappy marriage in which her husband died after two months. Brought back to her father’s house she embarks upon a long tale of her rare beauty and how she was aware of its influence. She even appeared to influence her brothers only friend, a young doctor, who when she was sick would feel her pulse and she would imagine his to equally race. Growing obsessed she fantasized only about him. Not only did she love this young doctor, whose name was Shashishekhar, but she worshipped him and became enraptured. However she soon found he was to be married and benefit a sum of 12,000 rupees. Feeling hurt and betrayed she confronted him and insisted on throwing a grand ceremony. On the night of the wedding she poisoned his drink and dressing her finest in a Benares sari, all the ornaments from her jewellery chest and vermillion in her hair (in order to symbolize that she was married) lay down to die under her favourite bakul tree (the one she used to daydream under) and died. She woke up to find the three young boys playing with her skeleton. And when finally he spoke in the rising dawn, there was no answer. Housewife Housewife is a account of how one’s experiences when young can deeply impact you for a long times. Shibanath, who was clean-shaven, with closely cropped hair except for a short pigtail is a teacher. He terrifies his pupils and is described as a ‘man-god’. Shibanath would give each of his student’s new names. The author’s theory is that ‘people generally love their names more than their own selves’. This is the story of how Ashu, a studious, good-natured boy in his class, acquired his name. Precisely at one each day a servant-girl would bring him a few sweets wrapped up in a leaf, and a little bell-metal pot of water, a daily occurrence which he found extremely embarassing. On a holiday the kind Ashu was playing with his sister who had no other play companions. On this particular day it was the wedding of her doll, however she found no one to be the priest. She asked a passerby, through unfortunate luck this was Shibanath, who was sheltering from the rain under the porch. Alarmed Ashu raced inside, utterly embarrassed. The next day this incident was described to the entire class, so when at exactly one the servant-girl came Ashu usual gentle smile gave way to a deep blush. The veins in his forehead began to throb and he broke down into a flood of tears. He was mocked mercilessly, ‘Housewife, housewife!’ From this he gathered that playing with one’s sister on a holiday was the most shameful thing in the world and no one would ever forget it. The Divide The Divide is a narrative of how a friendship ends between two distantly related cousins. Despite their distant blood connection and difference of ages Banamali and Himangshumali lived next door to each other. Banamali being older, he doted on Himangshumali, pouring all his love and affection on the younger boy. As Himangshumali grew he became interested in reading anything which came his way, through this he acquired his knowledge. Everyday Banamali would sit smoking his hookah on the little garden patio, waiting for Himangshumali to come home from school. As soon and the younger boy had washed and changed they would stroll in the garden together talking. They both loved gardening, Banamali with his heart, Himangshumali with his intelligence. When it became dark Himangshumali talked about the things he read, he thought and what came into his imagination; some correct, some not. Banamali would listen solemnly adding his own thoughts and listening to Himangshumali’s objections, pondering what was said the previous night quietly while he smoked. As it happened the gardens of these two neighbours were simply separated by a ditch, within which grew a lime tree. When the fruit grew and was ripe for harvesting the servants of the two households had a quarrel over whose tree it was. Eventually the fathers of each of friends got involved; this grew into a fully fledged argument between the two. Lawyers and barristers were hired to legally dispute the case. Overall more money was spent than the floods that ran through the ditch and in the end it was Banamali’s father that won. Throughout the court-case the two neighbours sons had managed to remain friends, however once this battle was over Himangshumali no longer came. When Banamali asked at his house, his father responded that no one was home. For a week Banamali waited, and no one came. Taraprasanna’s Fame A highly intelligent and intellectual writer, Taraprasanna spent his time at home writing with weakening eye’s and a bent back. Although thought to be talented, he was shy and socially awkward. He did not understand usual social interactions and would instead stare and wonder. Unlike his wife, the writer was never eager to publish his work, however when the oldest of his four daughters was old enough to soon be seeking a groom, he grew worried and fretful. How was he to raise enough money to marry off four daughters? As a fervent admirer of his work although she did not understand a word, his wife urged him to go to Calcutta in order to publish his work. As she could not go herself, he was accompanied by a ‘worldly-wise man’ from the village in order to assist him due to his peculiar behaviour and remind him of his chores. While there, Taraprasanna published his book, The Radiance of Vedanta and sent it to every editor for review. He also personally sent one to his wife by registered mail, in the fear of it getting lost. She was so overjoyed that Dakshayani invited all the women she knew in the village round for a meal. Taraprasanna even sent one to all the libraries requesting one, as many wrote ‘your thoughtful book has met a great need in our country’, from his own expenses. He even received a joyful letter from his wife, telling him she was once again with child. However he found that as many copies he had sent out, he had sold not a single copy, so finally at a loss he returned home. He brought back with him all the reviews of his book, however his wife as pleased as she was, was eager to see how successful he had been in terms of money. He only returned with five rupees. Dakshayani was heart-broken; all her faith in the honesty of the world had been destroyed. It was around this time that Dakshayani’s health worsened as her confinement approached, the village worried recognised her need for a midwife. So Taraprasanna, desperate approached his friend Bishvambhar, who at his own expense travelled to Calcutta in search of one. As the birth was drawing nearer his wife impelled him to promise and vow on several matters , she also requested that her daughter be called, Vendantaprabha, â€Å"The Radiance of Vedanta†. She thought, ‘ I came into his house to give him nothing but daughters. Perhaps his misfortunes will end now.’ As the midwife exclaimed at the newborn girl, Dakshayani whispered her daughter’s name one last time before dying.

African American Were Enslaved Over 200 Years Ago - 968 Words

African American were enslaved over 200 years ago. During this time, blacks were not even considered to be humans. Their lives was not important to anyone, and they were not considered beautiful, or to have any beauty whatsoever. Beauty was only favored in white supremacy. During this time in the 18th and 19th century the black female slave began to get raped by their masters, producing mixed-raced children, who had lighter skin. Even though they were half white, they still didn’t receive the same luxurious treatment as other whites, but because of their skin, they were put above their darker skinned relatives. The darker skinned were forced to stay out in the field and work all day, while the light skinned slaves were promoted to house slaves (ABC News). This created the separation for African Americas. It is believed this idea to separate the slaves by their complexion came from a man named Willie Lynch and his ideas in the Willie Lynch letter. In his letter he explain that he had a plan to control all of the slaves, and that if you installed his method the correct way it will control African Americans for 300 years. His method was to separate all African Americans simply by their difference and make theirs differences seem bigger than they actually are. According to Lynch, his method was to separate â€Å"old black male vs. the young black male, and the young black male against the old black male. You must use the dark skin slaves vs. the light skin slaves, and the light skinShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans Should Get Reparations For Enslaving Some Of Their Ancestors 200 Years Ago921 Words   |  4 Pagesmain issues that Americans have been debating about for years is whether African Americans should get reparations for enslaving some of their ancestors 200 years ago. In an article written by Mychal Massie, it provided some historical background and information about how slavery was started in the United States and how Americans tried to eliminate it. Massie stated, The United States didn t invent slavery, which gave a point to ponder about who started it. Though American ships were carrying theRead MoreThe Colonization Of The Americas Became A Time Of Growth Of Independence And Religious Freedoms1524 Words   |  7 PagesEngland. However, one group, enslaved Africans, remained separated and excluded from the nation’s unification. The use of slaves, common during this time, established the African race as inferior and almost inhuman. Colonists relied on enslaved Africans to complete manual labor on plantations, cooking and cleaning within a household, and any other necessary tasks. Enslaved Africans endured harsh mistreatments with no compensation besides the necessary means of survival. Enslaved people, given little opportunitiesRead More The Beginning Of The 19th Century1520 Words   |  7 Pagesaway from the control of England. However, one group, enslaved Africans, remained separated and excluded from the nation’s unification. The use of slaves, common during this time, established the African race as inferior and almost inhuman. Enslaved people, given little opportunities of education and freedom, had few opportunities to experience freedom, let alone religion. Africans rarely received any form of education. However, one enslaved African girl named Phillis Wheatley received an education fromRead MoreThe African American Struggle For Equality1390 Words   |  6 Pages The African American struggle for equality began almost 400 years ago when the first black slaves were unloaded from ships in British North America in 1619. Treated as chattel with all the empathy owners would give to cattle or sheep, their lives and the lives of their progeny would drastically change for many generations. A proud and accomplished people, Africans had built vast, culturally rich civilizations complete with monarchies, colleges, and trade routes. What they found in the newRead More Excavating an African Burial Ground: Lack of Funding Could Mean Loss of Information Forever3196 Words   |  13 PagesExcavating an African Burial Ground: Lack of Funding Could Mean Loss of Information Forever As children growing up in the United States, educated through our public schools, we learned about the institution of slavery, which was an integral part of life in our country for nearly 300 years. We do not usually question the historical facts we learned about slavery or ask how we know so much about the history of these people (the enslaved Africans in America) who left behind so little written recordRead MoreBias Of The Judicial System1149 Words   |  5 PagesBias of the Judicial System Over 200 years ago, America broke free from the oppression set by Great Britain in hopes to live in a country dedicated to the standard of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness for all. But, this standard designates primarily to White Americans. Throughout history, White Americans tried their level best to keep people of color from these rights. But instead of Jim Crow laws or grandfather clauses, now the judicial system finds ways to restrict colored people. AlthoughRead MoreHollys Search for Freedom Essay950 Words   |  4 PagesOver 200 hundred years ago, African-Americans wanted freedom from white slave owners. African-Americans were treated so bad that they did not know if they were going to make it though each day. African-Americans were not allowed to attend the same schools, use the same restrooms, and use the same water fountain as whites during that period of time. African-Americans had been enslaved to long, so they were used to whites telling them what to do. Howev er, African- Americans wanted freedom, but theyRead MoreThe Birth Of A Nation1188 Words   |  5 Pagesblacks during the Reconstruction era when the North tried to rebuild the South after the Civil War. Now, that title poises a new movie written, directed, produced, and starring actor Nate Parker that dramatizes the 1831 slave rebellion led by enslaved African-American Nat Turner. The movie was a serious success at 2016 Sundance Film Festival in Utah. It not only won the festival’s Grand Jury Prize; picked up an â€Å"Audience Award†; settled a record-breaking $17.5 million distribution deal with Fox Searchlight;Read MoreAfrican Americans During The 19th Century1929 Words   |  8 Pagesimitated and exploited black and has since then not gone back. Many of the adjectives persistently used today to describe African Americans, â€Å"lazy, ignorant, buffoonish, superstitious, joyous, and musical† were the same words used to describe African Americans throughout the duration of the minstrel shows’ history centuries ago (â€Å"The Mammy Caricature†). Real-life black circumstances were satirized and exploited in musical theater, becoming known as ‘minstrelsy’; with its emergence in the 1820’s—and itsRead MoreEffects of Slavery on American Society2112 Words   |  9 Pages African American slavery has a dramatic impact on slaves and it changed all time periods in American society throughout America’s history. From the 1600’s when slaves first arrived from Africa, through the Civil War, Great Depression, Civil Rights Era and up until today, slavery’s impact has been felt in America. Slavery was brought to America as early as 1619, but we chose to keep it here for over 200 years, longer than any other country who also adopted the ways of slavery. Our economy flourished

Prayer in Public Schools - 894 Words

Should prayer be allowed in public schools? This is a question with a highly controversial answer. There are many different angles to this question with varying ideas and opinions that never seem to agree with one another. The issue of prayer in public schools has, and will continue to be, at the center of many controversial debates. Just consider the fact that public educational system in United States is a secular or non-religious one that is quick to shut down any religious actions. This is the main reason why it is so difficult to bring forth any kind of change that will bridge the gap between school and religion. There have been several attempts over the years to use the power of the first amendment of the United States constitution which expresses the right to freedom of speech and religion to justify prayer in schools. Although the first amendment clearly sets out to protect religion from government intervention, the U.S Supreme court has ruled prayer in public school â€Å" unconstitutional† because it violates the separation of the church and the state. The separation of the church and state is one of the fundamental principles of U.S. government and law and with it, comes a deep history to back it up. It began many years prior to the establishment of the first public educational institution. Towards the end of the 1700s, many different religious groups began to flourish which made it impossible for them all to be under the control of the states. This is where theShow MoreRelatedThe Prayer On Public Schools1240 Words   |  5 PagesFor much of the 20th Century and into the 21st, school prayer has been the focal point of an ongoing debate about the position of religion in American civilization. The question of the legality of prayer in public schools brings together a number of important notions in American government and legal philosophy. Opponents and proponents of school prayer set forth their arguments in such major constitutional issues as the separation of church and state, the right to free exercise of religion, and theRead M orePrayer in Public Schools656 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States was built on prayer. Prayer or religion is on our currency in the many halls of our justice and federal buildings so no matter where we go, we cannot escape prayer. Our founding fathers did not exclude the bible in building our nation and educating our future and there will be no expectation. No matter what there will be prayer no matter where you are. Some people just don’t believe in God that’s why some don’t want prayer in public school. Though each of the clauses are originallyRead MorePrayer in the Public Schools1111 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in the Public Schools Diana Brown Everest Online Composition 1-226 ABSTRACT This essay is composed of facts supporting that prayer in Public Schools would be beneficial for the children and the United States of America. Prayer is an address to God or a god in word or thoughts. The Anti- Defamation League states that, â€Å"A moment of silence will inevitably be unconstitutional or the purpose and effect of such moments of silence are invariably to advance religion. The U.S. Supreme CourtRead MorePrayer On Public Schools : The Public School System1032 Words   |  5 PagesAllow Prayer in Public Schools The public school system should allow students, all across the United States of America, to express themselves freely whenever they would like. Most Americans support the idea of allowing students to pray during school. In the year 2001, 66% of Americans voted that they favor the idea of prayer during school; however, 34% opposed the idea of praying during school. In the year 2014, 61% of Americans voted that they support the idea of praying during school; howeverRead MoreThe Prayer Of A Public School768 Words   |  4 PagesMany people in Southern Missouri believe that we need to have more religion in schools. â€Å"Keep Christ in Christmas,† â€Å"One nation under God,† and post the Ten Commandments on every wall in public buildings. This is an easy rallying cry because most people in rural Southwest Missouri share the same Christian beliefs. There is a place for these types of soapboxes. That place is called church. Schools are designed to prepare students for the college and career. Churches are designed to prepare congregationsRead MoreEssay on Prayer in Public Schools1051 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in Public Schools An issue that has been constantly debated for years is whether voluntary prayer in public schools should be permitted. A student should be allowed to pray voluntarily at the beginning of each school day based on many reasons. Prayer based on moral beliefs reinforce good citizenship as defined by our forefathers. A daily reminder of a need for the belief of good over evil is a necessary part of this society. Daily voluntary school prayer should be re-instated in publicRead More No Prayer in Public Schools Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesNo Prayer in Public Schools Chapter three of Civil Liberties: Opposing Viewpoints inspired me to research today’s issues of school prayer. To understand how we got to where we are today, I first delved into our countries history of court cases pertaining to rulings on prayer in schools. Lastly, to update my audience on how our lives are being affected today, I directed my efforts toward finding current situations. By analyzing these situations, I gained knowledge for a better understanding ofRead MorePrayer in Public Schools Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagestype of school students attend, organized prayer is mandatory, allowed, or banned. In the United States, organized prayer in public schools is prohibited because it goes against the Constitution’s separation of church and state (Jinkins 123). The United States promises religious freedom, but is yet to define the degree and limitation of that liberty. However, American citizens have been debating for many years, whether organized prayer should be an option or obligation in public schools. Some peopleRead More Prayer in Public School Essay3032 Words   |  13 Pagesthere is a way to express ones deepest thoughts and feelings--prayer. Prayer is something that most people due naturally. Whether it is in the morning before you start your day, before a meal, before you go to sleep, or when you just feel the need to express your feelings, prayer is always there. Religious faiths believe that this is central to human life. Even those who are not religious pray. Prayer affects the material universe. Prayer can be defined as an earnest request; a humble entreaty addressedRead More No Prayer in the Public Schools Essay3232 Words   |  13 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the past three decades, the issue of the role of prayer in the public school system has become increasingly controversial. The current debate juggles the opposing interpretations of the exact intentions of Americas Founders, who came from an other country, England, in pursuite of expanded freedoms. The first colonists in the 17th century especially desired religious freedom, because their former British government forced them all to learn and practice a centralized religion. Consequently

Case Study Hunt Construction Group Inc. - 1657 Words

Case Number and Title United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit, Case Number 06-4335 Hunt Construction Group Inc. vs. Allianz Global Risks U.S. Insurance Company Parties Involved †¢ Hunt Construction Group Inc.; Plaintiff-Appellant †¢ Allianz Global Risks U.S. Insurance Company; Defendant-Appellee †¢ Seventh Circuit of Appeals Presiding Judges: o Richard A. Posner o Joel M. Flaum o Daniel A. Manion Project Specifications (Name, Type, Contract Amount, Location) Name: Edward H. McNamara Midfield Terminal (Northwest WorldGateway) Type: Airport Main Terminal Contract Value: $420M Location: Detroit, Michigan Place and Date of Case Place: Detroit, Michigan Date Decided: October 1st, 2007 Summary: The Plaintiff, Hunt Construction†¦show more content†¦The insurance policy issued to hunt did cover fire damage, as most builders risk policies due; however, it also covered almost every other kind of damage that a construction company might encounter as well, and Hunts damages were mostly caused due to water damage. In order for Allianz to call the builders risk policy a fire insurance policy, and subject the policy to have the Plaintiff seek indemnification that was not caused by fire or means covered in a â€Å"fire insurance policy†, there are several ramifications involved. Fire is one of the risks of a construction project against which Allianz’s policy insures; yet it is only one, and given the wide range coverage of the policy, it seemed odd to the presiding judges to classify it as a fire risk insurance policy. A fire insurance policy is subjected to 19 separate requirements, and until 1990, Michigan legislature, rather than trying to define â€Å"fire insurance policy†, provided that a â€Å"standard fire policy† (with all 19 mandatory minimum provisions) would not be required for a variety of types of insurance. The structure of this Michigan statute implied any form of insurance that was not exempt was a â€Å"standard fire policy†, including a builders risk policy, and so the 19 mandatory provisions would have to have been included when indemnity was sought after. However, this legislature was repealed in 1990, well before Allianz issued the

Riordan Manufacturing Accounting Systems, Part Ii Free Essays

RiordanManufacturingAccounting Systems, Part II Business Systems I/BSA 500 November 19, 2012 LiseHautzinger Riordan Manufacturing Accounting Systems, Part II Comprehensive accounting systems and practices assist companies in monitoring cash flow expenses and investments as well as identify new sources of income. Riordan Manufacturing’s current accounting system lacks consistency across multiple locations and basic accounting modules. Each location has a closed system and dos not incorporate other department systems such as Marketing and Sales, Production, and Operations. We will write a custom essay sample on Riordan Manufacturing Accounting Systems, Part Ii or any similar topic only for you Order Now Streamlining each accounting system to include the basic accounting modules and incorporating other company systems will help to ensure compliance and identify spending costs and potential capital investments. With the three operating entities (Georgia, Michigan, and California) and the joint venture in the People’s Republic of China, Riordan Manufacturing has a complex accounting setup. All information gathered from the operating entities is compiled at their corporate office in San Jose, California. Similar to that of other companies, Riordan Manufacturing must ensure that there is cohesion between the various entities by instilling basic use of accounting functions and methods. Although the accounting configuration and distribution is transparent to their customers and suppliers, the aggregation process is complex. The recommendations presented by Team A will help to build an integrated approach to their accounting and distribution setup. At a minimum, the basic components of each operating entity accounting system include the following functions: General Ledger, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, and Inventory. The company has published balance sheet information that shows this level of data by comparing fiscal year ending September 30, 2010 vs. September 30, 2011. Assets for the Riordan Manufacturing include the following: information received from General Ledger, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, and Inventories. Fiscal year ending September 2011 yield total assets of $47,409,137 compared to fiscal year 2010 numbers of $34,825,498. That is an increase of $12,583,639 or approximately 26. % in 2011 compared to 2010 assets. In addition to the aforementioned accounting functions, Riordan Manufacturing uses the standard accounting methods of cash and accrual. Both methods are similar, but one of these methods will be used based on timing. In financial reporting, the cash method of accounting is used when accounting records revenue when cash from customers is received, and records expenses when they are paid in cash (Sanker, 2012). Therefore, cash basis does not recognize accounts receivab le or payable. Conversely, accrual method of account include items when they are earned in addition to claiming deductions when expenses are incurred (Sanker, 2012). There are plenty of software programs available to help an organization’s accounting needs. With so many available finding the right software program can be a burden. Evaluating the needs of an organization as well as the size of the organization will help one find the correct software program. When selecting the software program it should be upgradeable for future needs as well as be able to troubleshoot and fix any errors in the program. The cost of the accounting software will also play a huge part in deciding on an accounting program. Riordan Manufacturing has multiple divisions of the company. When it comes to accounting software there are different programs used throughout Riordan Manufacturing. The San Jose plant use a different accounting software program than the Michigan and Georgia plants. This often causes a delay in financial reporting, which has caused Riordan Manufacturing investor’s confidence to decrease. The delay will also impact the outcome of future capital investments. When are there errors in accounting and financial documents this will often lead to errors and spark costly audits (Perry, 2006). The different departments of accounting such as accounts payable, accounts receivable, and order entry need to be maintained by one system and an individual server with mirroring will suffice for the above needs and of course, a proper backup solution will be for safekeeping of this data (Perry, 2006). Microsoft produces a program that can meet the needs of Riordan Manufacturing. Solomon Great Plains program is the recommendation for Riordan Manufacturing. The functions needed by Riordan Manufacturing and pricing makes this the logical choice for accounting software. This program will allow all divisions to report back to the central point, therefore providing instance reports. One must find a compatible program that works well with the system currently in place. Riordan Manufacturing requires certain systems to create an effective and efficient accounting system. Systems such as sales, accounting, financing and human resources need to have access to the accounting system (Apollo Group, Inc. , 2012). Point of sale and cash register systems must continuously, during business hours, be connected to the accounting system. Reason being, sales are tracked and verified instantaneously. Inventory must also be considered within the accounting system to make certain that all inventory levels are monitored and replenish without user input. Monetary needs for inventory replenishing is tracked within the accounting software system. Billable hours must be tracked for cost purposes to make certain the company is working within budgetary and time constraints. The accounting systems directly connected to accounting software must also contain the general ledger accounts, accounts payable, and accounts receivable. Purchase orders for plastics orders must generate bills to customers. Collections must also have access to the company’s accounting system because many times bills do not get paid, therefore collection action must be pursued. These requirements must also be as secure as possible, behind a firewall, and virtual local area network (VLAN). Expense accounts must also be tracked within the accounting software to make certain every expense is accounted for. Finally, payroll, which includes salary and wages, payroll taxes, and deductions must be accounted for and budgeted. Integrating different modules provide a well-rounded accounting software package with the ability to keep management informed of the financial status of the company. Riordan’s current system does not include basic accounting departmental functions or modules. The company must devote funds and time to generate accurate Income Statements, Balance Sheets and the General Ledger in a consolidated effort with external auditors. As a result, a coordinated effort should be made to consolidate systems, link associated databases, and purchase appropriate accounting software. Purchase or development of software will reduce data redundancies and increase efficiency and productivity. By undertaking these measures Riordan will be able to ensure compliance, therefore cutting costs, and focus on identifying new sources of revenues and cost savings initiatives. References Apollo Group, Inc. (2012). Riordan manufacturing – intranet. Retrieved on November 4, 2012, from https://ecampus. hoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/Riordan/index. asp University of Phoenix. (2010). BSA/500 course notes. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, BSA500 – Business Systems I website. Perry, Cornell. (2006). Riordan Manufacturing Proposal. Retrieved November 18, 2012 from http://www. scribd. com/doc/48198199/Riordan-Manufacturing-Proposal Sanker, S. (2012). Accounting Methods: Cash vs. Accrual. Small Business Chronicle. Retrieved November 19, 2012, from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/accounting-methods-cash-vs-accrual-3732. html How to cite Riordan Manufacturing Accounting Systems, Part Ii, Essay examples

Dramatic speeches Essay Example For Students

Dramatic speeches Essay The Crucible: Arthur Miller builds up tension for the audience by a skilful use of dialogue, dramatic speeches, entrances and actions. By discussing at least one example of each from Act Two say how he does this. Arthur Millers The Crucible is set in Salem, Massachusetts where they didnt understand either medicine or science. They thought when someone became ill it was because either God was punishing them or witchcraft was at work. The Crucible is based on a group of teenage girls who are discovered dancing naked in the woods, playing with witchcraft. When the girls realised how severe their punishment would be, they claimed other members of the community possessed them. There was no defence against witchcraft. If people denied it they were hung, as they believed they were possessed by the devil. If people admitted it they were put in jail. Anyone who was accused had his or her life ruined. The group of girls lead by Abigail Williams began accusing perfectly innocent members of the community of witchcraft. Usually the people accused were outcasts such as beggars or old women who lived alone, but respectable women were finding they too were being accused. Take Elizabeth Proctor, she was accused because Abigail Williams wanted her out of the way so she could continue her affair with her husband John Proctor. In Act two there is an immense row between Elizabeth and John Proctor about two main points: the fact that Elizabeth has been accused and Johns affair with Abigail. Miller expresses their anger by the vulgar language they use, the exclamations and the questions asked. Then you go and tell her shes a Whore. Whatever promise she may sense break it, John, break it. This was what Elizabeth said to John. This would astound the audience because Elizabeth was a respectable woman and would not be expected to use such ill-mannered language. The fact that Elizabeth had used such language would make the audience unbelievably stunned; it would also increase the tension tremendously. Not only dose Elizabeth use foul language she orders John to go and break the relationship between Abigail and himself. This shows Elizabeths anger, as she is livid and not asking but ordering John to do as she wishes. Elizabeths anger is also shown by the use or repetition: Oh, the noose, the noose is up! Elizabeth is scared as she has been accused and thinks she is going to be hung. She is hysterical and this is shown with the use of exclamations and repetition. This too would make the audience anxious. Half way through Act 2 there is an enormous burst of stimulation and apprehension for the audience. This is when Giles and Francis burst in on a particularly anxious moment between John, Elizabeth and Hale. Giles and Francis intensify the tension by announcing the startling news that both their wives have been arrested. This comes as a shock because both their wives are exceptionally respectable women. The tension is show by the respondents using exclamations. Rebeccas in the jail! This comes as a shock because like Elizabeth, Martha and Rebecca are highly regarded women. Now they have been arrested there is a grater chance that Elizabeth too will be arrested.